The Best Training Results
The Best Training Results
Description

The Best Training Results - Industry-specific maintenance management training yields positive results.

Public maintenance management seminars are often generic and provide few ideas that have immediate application to the mining industry. Other attendees usually have little understanding of mining and cannot share any useful experiences. Expensive attendance fees often preclude attendance and associated travel costs further limit those who might attend. Some topics like ‘supervision’ may have universal themes but the chief janitor has little in common with the smelter foreman. Off-site courses can pull key personnel away from the operation for the seminar duration plus travel time creating a troublesome gap in essential control of work. The timing of potentially useful courses might be in conflict with shutdown schedules further limiting attendance. While specialized topics like condition-monitoring technologies have potential utilization, the factors of cost and absence may outweigh the value gained. Similarly, specialized reliability topics can be valuable but the absence of a maintenance program platform can preclude their useful implementation. And remote mining operations often cannot even consider off-site training no matter the topic or its potential value. Their response is no training no matter the urgency. The tradition of promotion from within ultimately to maintenance manager has produced dismal results primarily because no training is being provided. No public seminar or course can fill this need. This training must come from within. It must not only be industry–specific, it must be site-specific.

 

These factors were the incentive for creation of the Mining Maintenance Management Course. It mitigates all of these negative training factors by providing complete on-site maintenance management training available to all - - anytime - - without limits. See attachment.

Related Resources

Part 4 - Information Systems and Maintenance Work Control
PAUL D TOMLINGSON
Part 4 – Information Systems and Maintenance Work Control - Parts 1, 2 and 3 of this series established that many existing fully-integrated information systems do not provide adequate support of supervisor’s maintenance work control needs. Work order elements are too complex and time consuming for use in the ‘pressure-cooker’ working environment of maintenance supervisors. As a result many supervisors are using ineffective work control procedures that neither control work nor provide field data for required information. In turn, maintenance planners are compelled to prepare ‘official’ work order documents to capture missing data. Many planners are simply ‘work order administrators’ with no time left to plan. When management requires information, these planners may be ‘creating’ bogus information misleading management decision-makers. Since not all work requires planning, a simpler work order element for supervisors can meet their work control needs and also allow them to control all non-planned work. Information system problems are acknowledged by system developers but without being corrected. However, many maintenance organizations have contributed by not developing a well-defined maintenance programs and specifying their information needs. Instead, they have accepted and tried to use the generic information output of overly complex package systems. This ‘log jam’ requires corrective actions. An outstanding PC-based system that satisfies the supervisors work control requirements, returns planners to their full time planning tasks and creates essential information has been identified. The system developer’s introductory presentation was obtained and is attached.
Gold Mill Grinding—Example of a Detailed eLearning Operator Training Module
PERFORMANCE ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL
This video provides an example of the content and structure of a Performance Associates International computer-based operator training program. In this video, we focus on the user experience of our eLearning module for operators in a gold mill grinding circuit. This example demonstrates the following program features: • Language toggle controls. • Interactive process flowsheets. • Process descriptions. • Principles of operation. • Workbook feature. • Equipment (SAG mill) 3D animation. • Process variables. • Control loops. • Interlocks. • Alarms. • Interactive plot plan. The grinding circuit is just one of 11 modules included in the complete plant operator training program. Each individual module covers the technical aspects of a specific plant area. The program also contains modules presenting basic introductions to many applicable unit operations and a variety of basic mechanical skills. Additionally, detailed maintenance training modules cover each significant piece of equipment in the plant. A comprehensive training component to develop supervisory skills is included as well. Building, running, and maintaining a new plant is a significant investment. A work-force well-trained from top to bottom is the best way to protect that investment by ensuring a successful start-up and continued operations at peak performance. If you are building a plant and preparing your operators and supervisors for start-up and operation, please stop and ask the question “what components of this training program do I NOT want my operations team to be thoroughly familiar with?”
Performance Associates International Assists Torex Gold With Start-Up Success
PERFORMANCE ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL
Far too often, natural resource companies start up new plants without a properly trained operations and maintenance team. The results can be disastrous for both safety and revenue. Obviously the ultimate objective is a plant that operates in a safe and profitable manner. In most cases, the pre-start-up safety training is satisfactory, resulting in few if any accidents during start-up and ongoing operations. However, many plants drop the ball when it comes to properly training operations and maintenance personnel. The payback on a properly executed training program far outweighs the cost. If you are going to budget for high-quality engineering, efficient procurement, and experienced and proven construction management (including commissioning), why leave training open to chance? Performance Associates International (PAI) developed an extensive operations and maintenance training program for Torex Gold’s El Limón-Guajes project in the state of Guerrero, Mexico. In 2015, PAI industry training specialists traveled to the project site to carry out the training for Torex Gold employees in anticipation of plant start-up and gold production. The venture was a “massive success,” according to Nelson Bodnarchuk, Director, Operational Systems. This video tells the story of that success, including generous feedback from the executive officers at Torex recognizing our role in the partnership.
Performance Associates International (PAI) y Torex Gold colaboran para una puesta en marcha exitosa
PERFORMANCE ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL
Con demasiada frecuencia, las compañías de recursos naturales ponen en marcha plantas nuevas sin contar con un equipo de operaciones y mantenimiento debidamente capacitado. El resultado puede ser desastroso tanto en términos de seguridad como de ingresos. Obviamente el objetivo fundamental es una planta que funciona de forma segura y rentable. En la mayoría de los casos, la capacitación sobre seguridad que se da antes del arranque de la planta es satisfactoria, resultando en pocos accidentes (o ninguno) durante la puesta en marcha y operaciones subsecuentes. Sin embargo, muchas plantas son negligentes cuando se trata de la buena capacitación de su personal de operaciones y mantenimiento. Un programa de capacitación bien ejecutado compensa con creces los costos de ejecución del mismo. Si se va a presupuestar una ingeniería de alta calidad, un proceso de adquisición eficiente y una gestión de construcción experimentada y comprobada (incluyendo el comisionamiento), ¿por qué dejar a la suerte la capacitación? Performance Associates International (PAI) desarrolló un programa de capacitación por computadora comprensivo, el cual abarca operaciones y mantenimiento, para su planta de oro El Limón-Guajes en el estado de Guerrero, México. En el 2015, los especialistas de capacitación industrial de PAI viajaron al lugar del proyecto para entrenar a los empleados de Torex Gold en anticipación de la puesta de marcha de la planta y la producción de oro. El emprendimiento fue un “éxito masivo,” según Nelson Bodnarchuk, Director, Sistemas Operacionales. Este video cuenta la historia de ese éxito, incluyendo comentarios generosos de los oficiales ejecutivos de Torex, quienes reconocen nuestro papel en la colaboración.
Why Simulation?
IMMERSIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Simulation based operator training has been successfully applied to a range of diverse industries where high risk and high costs are everyday issues requiring smart solutions. Whether piloting a plane or launching a space shuttle, simulation training has been proven to dramatically reduce risk, cost, unscheduled maintenance, increase trainer effectiveness and efficiency while maximizing productivity. Within the often hazardous mining industry, simulation training has quickly gained recognition as a significant method of increasing site safety and profitability through improved operator skill and knowledge. Simulators provide operators a safe environment to learn and practice their skills while allowing the operator to practice for a range of possible emergency situations. Many of these situations are too dangerous, too difficult or too expensive to test in an actual mine. Operators can also be shown and assessed for the proper operating technique much more quickly and accurately than the traditional in machine approach. Focus on improving operator technique with Immersive Technologies’ simulators has delivered proven results including longer tire life, reduced spot time, reduced brake abuse, improvements in fuel use, reduction in engine overspeeds and more. Simulator training allows operators to be shown and assessed without the need to borrow machines from production. This allows new operators to practice many skills before being placed into a production circuit. Because operators are consistently shown and assessed on the proper operator techniques they have a better understanding and knowledge of the real machine. Following Immersive Technologies release of the world’s first mining dump truck simulator in 1998, their customer results, support network, machine range, global mining footprint, level of realism and OEM endorsements are without equal in the industry. Highlighting the benefits of simulation training, four leading Original Equipment Manufacturers, Caterpillar, Hitachi, Komatsu and Liebherr have chosen to exclusively sign technical information licensing agreements with Immersive Technologies, providing access to proprietary technical information necessary to accurately replicate the operation of their mining equipment. After significant supplier evaluation each major OEM has chosen to exclusively recommend Immersive Technologies' Advanced Equipment Simulators. This unprecedented support and commitment from the OEM's has helped to firmly entrench Immersive Technologies' Simulator technology as the industry leader. This provides customers the comfort of knowing they are investing wisely in a proven and accepted technology that is here to stay. As the world’s largest supplier of mining equipment simulators, Immersive Technologies’ has a customer base that includes many of the world’s leading mining operations, mining contractors, training schools and original equipment manufacturers. Widely recognized as the global industry standard, Immersive Technologies’ has extensive experience in delivering complete training solutions to the mining industry with measurable safety and business improvement outcomes. Immersive Technologies has worked closely with thousands of mining training professionals, managers, and executives to deliver comprehensive solutions that have been proven to improve safety and mine profitability.
Superior Maintenance Performance: Three Conditions - One Answer
PAUL D TOMLINGSON
I have attached a PowerPoint (PPT) presentation on how to implementing a Mine Maintenance Management Program. But before you study it please understand that superior maintenance performance is built on three conditions: 1 - Maintenance proficiency – Maintenance personnel from manager to worker are proficient in all aspects of management, control and work execution. 2 - Knowledgeable support – All mining departments understand the help needed to make maintenance successful and provide it. 3 - Strategic direction – Mine managers assign mutually–supporting departmental objectives, provide policies to guide interdepartmental actions and verify performance. The one proven answer that meets these conditions is a quality maintenance program. That program must spell out who does what, how, when and why. These guidelines must be applied to the nine essential maintenance management phases: How to (1) Request or (2) Identify work, (3) Classify it to determine the best reaction, then how to (4) Plan, (5) Schedule, (6) Assign, (7) Control and (8) Measure the resulting work and finally, (9) Assess accomplishments against goals such as performance standards and budgets. All personnel in maintenance as well as those who interact with maintenance must be included in the program since every maintenance action requires a supporting or cooperative interdepartmental reaction. Just as the maintenance planner follows specific planning procedures, so must the purchasing agent who orders major component replacements for the job the planner is organizing. After 44 years as a mining maintenance management consulting in all types of mining operations, I can confidently state that the absence of a quality program will preclude meeting these three conditions and frustrate all efforts to achieve superior maintenance performance.
MacLean Innovation Report 2018 - Changing the face of the mining industry
MacLean Engineering
Sometimes a turning point can only be seen clearly in hindsight. Such is the case for the mine of the future as we begin 2018, coming out of a 2017 where major mining companies continued to demonstrate capital spending austerity and focus on debt reduction. All the while, there were growing signals that digitalization, electrification and automation were all gaining momentum, even though actual examples of minesite implementations could as of yet, still be counted on one hand. MacLean took the opportunity that industry downturn presented over the past several years to focus intensely on three key product development ventures – first and foremost, the battery electrification of our entire fleet, which will be complete by the end of 2018; second, the successful introduction of face bolting as a feature on our 975 Omnia bolter; and, third, the launch of the latest addition to our utility vehicle product line – the LR3 Boom Lift for heavy load and high reach applications. The past year was one where for the first time we had a fleet of battery electric vehicles working underground, allowing us the ability to validate our performance and total cost of ownership (TCO) models with real-world data, while at the same time continuing to build out our EV offer across the product lines. Looking forward, as we work hard to fully electrify our fleet of ground support, ore flow/secondary reduction, and utility vehicles, we’re keenly aware that electrification is but one step in the ongoing mechanization of underground mining, a transition to the mine of the future that will be increasingly efficient through digitalization and automation that will increase production and reduce costs.
Complimentary Maintenance Management Course
PAUL D TOMLINGSON
Complimentary Mining Maintenance Management Course - Maintenance is always more successful when operations, management and staff departments have a more comprehensive understanding of how maintenance works. Then their roles in the support, cooperation and direction of the interdepartmental maintenance effort can create the circumstances that can yield improvement. Education and training of operations, management and staff department personnel adds directly to the effort of improving maintenance.   Those who perform and control maintenance possess significant diagnostic and repair talent. But these skills do not automatically yield management skills. As a result, maintenance often struggles to limit downtime and meet equipment reliability needs. Within maintenance there are many capable personnel who could easily acquire essential management skills providing training and education are provided. The unfortunate reality is that no such training is being provided. Instead, the unfortunate practice of promotion from within does not always produce capable maintenance managers. Typically, an outstanding craftsman is, over time and attrition circumstances, promoted to maintenance manager. Through no fault of his own he had not acquired the requisite management skills for the job. Nor had training been provided. The end result is poorly managed maintenance that ultimately impacts mine operation performance. This oversight requires correction.   When effective maintenance education and training are available and accessible, those who can influence maintenance improvement will use it. Outstanding craftsman will aspire to efficient supervision and management.Operations managers will connect better maintenance to greater availability.Managers will realize cohesive interaction among departments to assure profitability. Complimentary Mining Maintenance Management Course - Over 600 Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME) member organizations are benefiting from the Mining Maintenance Management Course (see attachment) being offered as a complimentary professional courtesy. If you are member of SME you may access the course: Log into http://community.smenet.org Click: Browse then select link to Mining Maintenance Management Course Library. PPT course topics (01 – 22) appear with Word reference (MIT) files for each course topic. Select and download course topics to make them available to your personnel. If you are not an SME member, the course can also be made available for transmission to your organization. Please inquire.   Paul D. Tomlingson, Mining Maintenance Consultant (Retired) Legion of Honor Member – Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME) Denver, Colorado USA [email protected]                  
Festival of Maintenance
PAUL D TOMLINGSON
“In 1533 a noblewoman in Calais presented a visiting grandee with a peculiar gift: her personal toothpick, which, she was eager to point out, she had used for seven years.” The visitor’s reaction was not recorded but this tale launched an unusual conference “dedicated to keeping things in good nick.” Held at the Museum of London, its observations were reported in the October 20th issue of the Economist (attached). “Events about making new things are ten-a-penny but less common are events about keeping things as good as new. Maintenance is often dismissed as mere drudgery but - - repair is often trickier than making them.”  “Maintenance lacks the glamour of innovation and it is mostly noticed by its absence -- the tear in a shirt, the mold on a ceiling, the sputtering of an engine.” “It (wear and tear or ‘consumption of fixed capital’) is also more difficult to measure. Statisticians must estimate the lifespan of (assets) and make assumptions about how they deteriorate. Some are like light bulbs, which work well until they stop altogether while other assets were assumed to wear out in a straight line.”   These observations suggest that maintenance is a difficult to execute, measure or manage activity. But they also raise questions. Why is maintenance improvement a perpetual mining industry goal? Are enough of the right things being done to achieve necessary improvements? Do decision-makers know what to do? Is there acknowledgement that effective maintenance is the single most important guarantee of reliable equipment that can ensure a successful mining operation?    
Festival of Maintenance
PAUL D TOMLINGSON
“In 1533 a noblewoman in Calais presented a visiting grandee with a peculiar gift: her personal toothpick, which, she was eager to point out, she had used for seven years.” The visitor’s reaction was not recorded but this tale launched an unusual conference “dedicated to keeping things in good nick.” Held at the Museum of London, its observations were reported in the October 20th issue of the Economist. “Events about making new things are ten-a-penny but less common are events about keeping things as good as new. Maintenance is often dismissed as mere drudgery but - - repair is often trickier than making them.”  “Maintenance lacks the glamour of innovation and it is mostly noticed by its absence -- the tear in a shirt, the mold on a ceiling, the sputtering of an engine.” “It (wear and tear or ‘consumption of fixed capital’) is also more difficult to measure. Statisticians must estimate the lifespan of (assets) and make assumptions about how they deteriorate. Some are like light bulbs, which work well until they stop altogether while other assets were assumed to wear out in a straight line.”   These observations suggest that maintenance is a difficult to execute, measure or manage activity. But they also raise questions. Why is maintenance improvement a perpetual mining industry goal? Are enough of the right things being done to achieve necessary improvements? Do decision-makers know what to do? Is there acknowledgement that effective maintenance is the single most important guarantee of reliable equipment that can ensure a successful mining operation?      
More - What's Maintenance and What's Not!
PAUL D TOMLINGSON
If its equipment and you do something to keep it running, make it run or make it run better then it’s maintenance. If its equipment and you modify it or move it, that’s not maintenance. If you build, construct or install something, you can’t maintain it until it exists. Wait, there’s more . . .   All equipment is in a constant state of deterioration. That’s why PM is ‘detection oriented.’ The idea is to find the problem and fix it before it blows up!   An overhaul can’t be PM as some think. When an overhaul is required there is so much wrong with the equipment that it must be removed from service. There is nothing left to prevent.   Overhauls and rebuilds are not the same thing. You rebuild the truck engine. And you overhaul the truck.   If your objective is to avoid premature equipment failure and extend equipment life, it’s PM.   If the idea is to use continuous monitoring to asses equipment performance to extend equipment life and avoid the consequences of failure its Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM). And if you are trying to identify the causes of failure and reduce or eliminate them, you must be able to define reliability. Try this:    Reliability – A measure of the capability of a unit of production equipment, process or circuit to operate at designed capacity within its specified operating envelope while adhering to prescribed maintenance requirements within a designated time period and meet established levels of product output or service duration.     Other stuff  - -     When maintenance has not determined which work requires planning, bad stuff happens. First, planners are overcome with processing work orders for jobs that don’t need planning. Then, by the time the maintenance supervisors are alerted, these small jobs have become emergency repairs. And, when the planner realizes he has been conned into ‘the work order administrator’ he has no time left to plan anything.   The term ‘CMMS’ doesn’t really exist. Few maintenance organizations have a dedicated information system. Most use a work order system which is part of a fully-integrated system also used for inventory control, payroll or purchase order tracking all tied to an accounting. It’s a mystery why other departments think the work order system is the exclusive means of maintenance work control. If you do work - - of any kind - - like road grading in the pit - - use the work order system.      The most successful maintenance managers are those who have figured out that they need help from other departments and have managed to tell them how!   The best mine or plant managers are those who recognize that maintenance needs help from other departments and verifies that they get it.   Operations supervisors are really diplomats. They must ensure that operators don’t bust the equipment while trying to find out what maintenance really does and how to get it.   Maintenance craftsmen are actually ‘frustrated art appreciators’. They know that well-planned work make their jobs easier and allows them to perform higher quality work.   Maintenance foremen have the most difficult jobs in industry. No matter who busted the equipment or who is responsible for the ‘no show’ preceding the sudden failure, it’s their fault!   In the view of most operations folks, ‘downtime’ is only a maintenance term.                   
Mining, Process Plant, Maintenance & Safety Training
PERFORMANCE ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL
Excellence in Mining, Process Plant, Maintenance, and Safety Training  Performance Associates International, Inc. (PAI) is the world leader in online and on-site training for the mining industry. We provide organizations with a single source for assessments, skills training, continuing education, safety training and compliance mandates, and more. Our first-class content guides your staff to gain the critical knowledge they need to work safely and efficiently today.  Our proven, leading-edge industrial training programs improve performance in existing operations and ensure success during the start-up of new operations. Our training programs have saved companies millions in personnel accident prevention, production loss, and equipment damage. We partner with our customers and consult collaboratively to provide the analysis and content development to meet your needs.  Services PAI Offers  Plant Operator Training Our three-tier concept for effective plant operator training starts with fundamental knowledge and progresses to plant-specific concepts that are reinforced through detailed animations and interactive simulations.  Maintenance Training We custom build state-of-the-art maintenance training programs using exploded graphics, explanatory text, detailed procedures, and management systems.  Mobile Equipment Operator Training Our first-class training program focuses on operator controls and indicators, safety, and performance optimization. It also includes operating, emergency, and troubleshooting procedures. Commissioning and Start-Up We can identify, track, and control the thousands of activities that must occur for the successful commissioning and start-up of a process plant. There is no shortcut to a successful start-up. Testing and Tracking Systems We can help manage and track the performance of employees to improve the overall performance of the mine and plant industrial training programs. Our testing and tracking systems provide invaluable assistance in safety and operational compliance.  Introductory and Safety Training Off-the-shelf introductory and safety training packages are an excellent source for mine and plant industrial training courses. They provide fundamental knowledge and basic training concepts. Now offering online courses! E-Learning, Animations, and Simulations Our interactive e-learning keeps trainees focused and engaged. Our experienced in-house multimedia team develops state-of-the-art graphics, virtual and mixed reality training, stunning 3D animations, and technically engineered simulations of real-world scenarios. Other Services We also provide many services relevant to planning, analyzing, and evaluating process plants, including: ·         Operations readiness plan. ·         Planning studies. ·         Quality management. ·         Systems implementation. ·         Statistical process control. ·         Reliability-based asset management. ·         Productive capacity studies. ·         Surveys and needs analyses. ·         Economic life analysis. ·         Process control strategies and methods. ·         Debottlenecking and process optimization. ·         Spare parts inventory and analysis. ·         Feasibility studies. ·         Consulting assistance. Consulting * Gap Analysis * Content Development * LMS * On-Site * Train-the-Trainer * E-Learning * Process Plant Optimization * Training * Safety * Mine Training * Plant Operator Training * Maintenance * Mobile Equipment * Competencies * Commissioning  
Training Pays: Actual vs. Projected Start-Up Results
PERFORMANCE ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL
Developing a profitable mining venture is no small matter. It requires enormous initial investments in research, construction, and equipment. But a mineral processing plant does not run itself. Even with the best equipment and good ore quality, optimal results are dependent upon keeping the process running smoothly, avoiding process upsets, maintaining process variables in the desired range, and minimizing breakdowns and downtime. A highly trained workforce is an essential element in a successful, and profitable, start-up. The knowledge and abilities of plant operators and maintenance personnel can make or break an operation. Trained operators know what to look for during preoperational and routine inspections, allowing maintenance tasks to be planned and unexpected costly breakdowns avoided. Trained operators know what variables exist at different stages in the process and how to make appropriate adjustments in real time. Trained maintenance personnel are well acquainted with the plant equipment, and maintenance planners can schedule work and maintain a spare parts inventory to minimize downtime. Additionally, new operations that train their workforce just prior to plant commissioning can utilize their operators in the commissioning process. Having been trained and gained field experience through plant commissioning, operators are ready to hit the ground running once feed is introduced. A faster ramp-up means more earnings, more quickly. The cost of developing a proper training program is a small percentage of the overall engineering, procurement, and construction budget but it constitutes a large percentage of the gains realized from a successful start-up and ramp-up to full production. Performance Associates International (PAI) has designed and presented custom training programs for operators and maintenance personnel in metallurgical plants around the world for over 35 years. We are proud to have been part of the successful start-ups at Lundin Mining’s Eagle Mine, Vale’s Voisey’s Bay project, and Torex Gold’s El Limon-Guajes project. Click Download to view the actual vs. projected start-up results from these three metallurgical plants that made use of PAI’s custom-built training programs and on-site training.
PROCESS CONTROL TRAINING— SIMULATORS ARE ONLY HALF THE STORY
PERFORMANCE ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL
With reference to greenfield plant projects, using process simulators similar to the designed plant Human-Machine Interface (HMI) or Distributed Control System (DCS) has become common practice. These simulators represent a “virtual plant” based on process modeling of the circuit chemistry and thermodynamics, and on the physical nature of the plant, including equipment, valves, piping, etc. The virtual plant allows trainees to troubleshoot problems, optimize process variables, react to alarms, etc., all based on the process simulation model. Performance Associates’ experience is that this complex simulator training is valuable, but only after more in-depth training on the process and control logic. To truly optimize a process plant, prior to simulator training, the control room operators must have detailed knowledge of the following:  Process objective of each process system, comprising a group of unit operations.  Process objective of each unit operation.  Process chemistry and the variables affecting it.  Important characteristics of each unit operation, the variables affecting it, and the impact on downstream unit operations.  Plant control loops, interlocks, and alarms.  Safety issues related to the process and control schemes.  Operating procedures for start-up and shutdown under various scenarios, as well as important operator tasks. Additionally, trainees must be intimately familiar with the applicable fundamental scientific concepts, such as pressure, temperature, heat exchangers, electricity, PID control logic, combustion, etc. With this fundamental and plant-specific foundation, the process simulator can be fully exploited for training.
Process Control Training—Simulators Are Only Half the Story
PERFORMANCE ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL
With reference to greenfield plant projects, using process simulators similar to the designed plant Human-Machine Interface (HMI) or Distributed Control System (DCS) has become common practice. These simulators represent a “virtual plant” based on process modeling of the circuit chemistry and thermodynamics, and on the physical nature of the plant, including equipment, valves, piping, etc. The virtual plant allows trainees to troubleshoot problems, optimize process variables, react to alarms, etc., all based on the process simulation model.  Performance Associates’ experience is that this complex simulator training is valuable, but only after more in-depth training on the process and control logic. To truly optimize a process plant, prior to simulator training, the control room operators must have detailed knowledge of the following:Process objective of each process system, comprising a group of unit operations.Process objective of each unit operation.Process chemistry and the variables affecting it.Important characteristics of each unit operation, the variables affecting it, and the impact on downstream unit operations.Plant control loops, interlocks, and alarms.Safety issues related to the process and control schemes.Operating procedures for start-up and shutdown under various scenarios, as well as important operator tasks.Additionally, trainees must be intimately familiar with the applicable fundamental scientific concepts, such as pressure, temperature, heat exchangers, electricity, PID control logic, combustion, etc. With this fundamental and plant-specific foundation, the process simulator can be fully exploited for training.